Dairy farming – Economically important dairy cattle breeds of India, white revolution, diseases of cattle, dairy by-products.

TRB POST GRADUATE LEVEL STUDY MATERIALS

Dairy Farming: A Comprehensive Overview for Post-Graduate Studies

This study material delves into the multifaceted world of dairy farming, an economically vital sector in India. It covers key areas crucial for a post-graduate level understanding, including:

I. Economically Important Dairy Cattle Breeds of India:

• Indigenous Breeds: Exploration of high-yielding native breeds known for their adaptability, disease resistance, and milk quality. This section will detail characteristics, geographical distribution, and economic significance of breeds such as:
  • Sahiwal
  • Gir
  • Red Sindhi
  • Tharparkar
  • Deoni
  • Ongole
  • Kankrej
• Exotic Breeds and Crossbreeds: Analysis of imported breeds and their crossbred offspring that have contributed significantly to milk production enhancement in India. Focus will be on:
  • Holstein Friesian
  • Jersey
  • Brown Swiss
  • Frieswal (Indian crossbreed)
  • Karan Fries (Indian crossbreed)
• Breed Improvement Programs: Discussion on various governmental and private initiatives aimed at enhancing the genetic potential of dairy cattle in India through selective breeding, artificial insemination, and embryo transfer technologies.

II. White Revolution (Operation Flood):

• Historical Context and Genesis: Understanding the socio-economic conditions that necessitated the launch of the White Revolution.
• Key Objectives and Phases: Detailed examination of the goals, strategies, and different phases of Operation Flood, highlighting its transformative impact on India's dairy sector.
• Amul Pattern and Cooperative Movement: In-depth study of the Amul cooperative model as a cornerstone of the White Revolution, emphasizing its role in empowering farmers and ensuring fair prices.
• Impact and Achievements: Analysis of the White Revolution's success in making India the world's largest milk producer, improving rural livelihoods, and ensuring food security.
• Challenges and Future Outlook: Discussion on the ongoing challenges in the dairy sector post-White Revolution and future strategies for sustainable growth.

III. Diseases of Cattle:

• Common Infectious Diseases: Comprehensive coverage of prevalent bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases affecting dairy cattle, including their etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. Examples include:
  • Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
  • Brucellosis
  • Mastitis (bacterial and non-bacterial)
  • Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
  • Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
  • Black Quarter
  • Theileriosis
  • Babesiosis
• Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders: Understanding the causes, prevention, and management of non-infectious diseases related to nutrition and metabolism, such as milk fever, ketosis, and ruminal acidosis.
• Biosecurity and Disease Management: Principles of biosecurity in dairy farms, vaccination protocols, deworming strategies, and integrated disease management approaches to minimize economic losses.
• Zoonotic Diseases: Awareness of diseases transmissible from cattle to humans (e.g., brucellosis, tuberculosis) and their public health implications.

IV. Dairy By-Products:

• Classification and Processing: Categorization of various dairy by-products and the technologies involved in their manufacturing.
• Traditional Dairy By-Products: Detailed discussion on the production and economic importance of traditional Indian dairy products like:
  • Ghee (clarified butter)
  • Paneer (Indian cottage cheese)
  • Khoa (reduced milk solids)
  • Curd/Dahi (yogurt)
  • Chhana
  • Lassi
• Modern and Value-Added Dairy Products: Exploration of commercially significant modern dairy products and their market potential:
  • Butter and Butter Milk
  • Cheese (various types)
  • Ice Cream
  • Skimmed Milk Powder and Whole Milk Powder
  • Whey Protein Concentrates and Isolates
  • Casein and Caseinates
  • Dairy Desserts
  • Fermented Milk Products (e.g., Kefir, Probiotic drinks)
• Economic Significance and Entrepreneurship: Analysis of the economic value added by dairy by-products and opportunities for entrepreneurship and innovation in this sector.
• Waste Utilization and Environmental Impact: Strategies for efficient utilization of dairy processing waste and minimizing environmental impact.

Quiz on Dairy Farming

1. Which of the following is an indigenous dairy cattle breed of India, known for its high-yield and disease resistance as per the text?

A. Holstein Friesian B. Jersey C. Sahiwal D. Brown Swiss

2. According to the study material, Frieswal and Karan Fries are prominent examples of which category of dairy cattle?

A. Indigenous milch breeds B. Exotic European breeds C. Indian crossbreeds D. Draught animal breeds

3. Which exotic breed is specifically mentioned for its significant contribution to milk production enhancement in India?

A. Gir B. Holstein Friesian C. Tharparkar D. Ongole

4. What is another name for the 'White Revolution' in India?

A. Green Revolution B. Operation Flood C. Blue Revolution D. Dairy Surge Program

5. What cooperative model is described as the cornerstone of the White Revolution's success?

A. The Private Dairy Model B. The Government Farm Model C. The Amul Pattern D. The International Subsidy Model

6. What was the most significant impact and achievement of the White Revolution mentioned in the text?

A. It made India the world's largest importer of milk. B. It led to a decline in indigenous cattle breeds. C. It made India the world's largest milk producer. D. It focused solely on urban dairy development.

7. The discussion on Breed Improvement Programs highlights which modern technologies?

A. Natural grazing and selective feeding B. Traditional herd management only C. Importing milk powder to increase supply D. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer

8. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, and Black Quarter are examples of which type of cattle diseases?

A. Nutritional and metabolic disorders B. Common infectious diseases C. Zoonotic diseases only D. Genetic defects

9. Milk fever, ketosis, and ruminal acidosis fall under which category of diseases?

A. Viral diseases B. Parasitic diseases C. Nutritional and metabolic disorders D. Bacterial infections

10. What is the term used for the principles and protocols aimed at preventing disease spread on dairy farms, such as vaccination and deworming strategies?

A. Zoonosis Management B. Biosecurity C. Etiology D. By-Product Processing

11. Brucellosis is highlighted as a significant concern because it is a zoonotic disease. What does 'zoonotic' mean?

A. It only affects young cattle. B. It is transmitted from cattle to humans. C. It is always fatal. D. It is a non-infectious disease.

12. Theileriosis and Babesiosis are listed under which category of infectious diseases?

A. Bacterial B. Viral C. Parasitic D. Metabolic

13. Ghee, a traditional Indian dairy by-product, is also known as:

A. Indian cottage cheese B. Reduced milk solids C. Yogurt D. Clarified butter

14. Paneer and Chhana are traditional by-products made from what component of milk?

A. Milk fat after churning B. Coagulated milk protein (casein) C. Fermented whole milk D. Boiled and reduced milk

15. Khoa is a dairy by-product created by:

A. Separating cream from milk B. Reducing milk to create milk solids C. Adding acid to milk to form curd D. Churning yogurt to make lassi

16. Whey Protein Concentrates, Casein, and Skimmed Milk Powder are categorized under:

A. Traditional dairy by-products B. Modern and value-added dairy products C. Dairy processing waste D. Fermented milk products only

17. Lassi, a traditional Indian product, is primarily based on what dairy item?

A. Ghee B. Paneer C. Curd/Dahi (yogurt) D. Khoa

18. The text lists Kankrej, Deoni, and Red Sindhi as examples of which type of cattle breed?

A. Exotic Breeds B. Indian Crossbreeds C. Indigenous Breeds D. Non-Dairy Breeds

19. Mastitis, a significant disease in dairy cattle, is an inflammation of the:

A. Lungs B. Hooves C. Mammary gland (udder) D. Rumen

20. The key objectives and different phases were a detailed examination part of which topic?

A. Dairy By-Products B. White Revolution (Operation Flood) C. Biosecurity and Disease Management D. Economically Important Breeds

21. What is explicitly mentioned as a key benefit of indigenous breeds like Gir and Tharparkar?

A. Highest milk fat content globally B. Adaptability and disease resistance C. Larger body size compared to exotic breeds D. Quick adaptation to cold climates

22. What is listed as a modern fermented milk product?

A. Ghee B. Paneer C. Lassi D. Kefir

23. The final section of the "Dairy By-Products" topic addresses what important aspect?

A. Historical context of cheese making B. Genetic makeup of dairy cattle C. Waste utilization and environmental impact D. Vaccination protocols for FMD

24. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is an example of what kind of disease?

A. A metabolic disorder B. A viral disease C. A bacterial disease D. A parasitic disease

25. The text emphasizes that dairy by-products create opportunities for what?

A. Increased milk importation B. Reduction in cattle population C. Entrepreneurship and innovation D. Exclusively government-run industries